"Photography | 1839 - 1960's AD"

Photography

1.) Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?

Engravings and wood cuts

2.) What is a camera obscura?

An optical device that projects images of its surroundings onto a screen

3.) Post an example of a camera obscura.

4.) How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?

It was used to observe solar eclipses and phases of the moon

5.) From where did the photographic camera develop?

The portable box version of the camera obscura

6.) Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?

7.) Post an the first photograph.

8.) Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?

9.) Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

10.) Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

11.) Post an example of a Calotype image.

12.) Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

13.) Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

14.) Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

15.) Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

16.) Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

17.) Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?

18.) Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

19.) In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?

20.) What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?

21.) Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

22.) How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?

23.) What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?

24.) Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

25.) What is the Zoopraxiscope?

26.) Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

27.) How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?

28.) In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?

29.) Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

30.) What is a motion picture projector?

"The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD"

The Linotype Machine

1.) Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes
2.) What is a "stenographer"?
Someone who takes notes shorthand
3.) Post an example of Shole's typewriter.












4.) Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
So that Clephane could test it
5.) After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
It still took a long time to typeset the words and make copies
6.) Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
7.) What is meant by "typesetting"?
Organzing letters for use in a typing machine
8.) Post an example of Linotype Machine.











9.) How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand it also produced the letters in a straight line
10.) How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
It allowed small operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis, as result newspaper and magazines could be longer in length compared to the eight pages that they used to be

11.) Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.









12.) How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
They keyboard had 90 characters, there was no shift key so there was different keys for upper and lowercase letters, and the letters were arranged based on frequency of use. There was three different sections of the keyboard, the right (white keys) was for uppercase letters, the left (black keys) were for lowercase letters and the middle (blue keys) were for punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed width spaces
13.) Post an example of a Linotype slug.

14.) What is a slug?
A single line of type or matrixes that is cast together to form one big piece

15.) Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.











16.) Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It finally bridged the gap between the typewriter and the printed page

"The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

The Gutenberg Press

1.) What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
Inventing a printing press with movable type

2.) Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

 

3.) How did the printing press work?
It was a hard press in which ink was rolled over a raised surface of movable hand-set black letters held within a wooden form

4.) What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
When he was young he watched jewerlers and goldsmiths work and reading books motivated him to want to create something like the press

5.) Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Metal could be produced much faster and when using wood it would often rip the pages and as soon as one thing was found wrong with the wood it was thrown away. Also metal cast well in the die, it would melt at low tempatures and it was more durable in the press

6.) Post an example of movable type in a type case.

 

7.) What is moveable type?
Uses moveable type to reproduce the same elements of a document

8.) What is a matrix?
A hard metal punch that is hammered into a softer copper bar, it was used to recreate hundreds of thousands of identical characters

9.) What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil-based ink because it was more durable than water based ink

10.) What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
It is made from wood pulp and it originated in the China in 105 AD

11.) What is a "substrate"?
An extract from a certian material

12.) Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
John Fust. At the end of five years  if Gutenberg did not pay Fust back then Fust would take the press and all of the materials with him. At the end of the five years Gutenberg had only printed 200 of the 300 Bibles he promised to print so Fust sued Gutenberg for the money, the judge ruled that Gutenberg had to give Fust the rest of the Bibles along with the actual press and all of the materials :(

13.) What was the first book he printed?
A two volume Bible that he sold for 300 Florins each

14.) Post an example of this book.

15.) How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It perfected script and made it easier to read, books were made at a much faster rate and current information could easily be shared locally and around the world, the price of books dropped and there was an increase of demand for books

16.) Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton

17.) What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters

18.)When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704, it was called the Boston Letter

19.) What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
The steam powered rotary press

20.) Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

21.) By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Letters or words that are pressed on to the piece of paper

22.) Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief printing. Movable type was placed into the press and ink was spread into the space then paper was placed ontop then the press applied pressure so that the ink would transfer onto the paper

23.)Post an example of an intaglio press.

24.) What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Also known was print-making, the ink was transferred by pressure being applied to the paper

25.) Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

 

26.) What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
It is a basic stencil process, the ink is transferred by through mess areas on the printing press

27.) Post an example of a lithography printing press.

28.) What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Also called planographic, the ink is transferred by drawing on a greasy plate and then applying water to the plate

29.) Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

30.) What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography is used by businesses to make brochures and business cards

31.)How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Today our printing press uses much more technplogical componets where was Gutenbergs was still mostly done by hand

"The Codex and Illuminated Manuscript | 1st Century AD"

The Codex & Illuminated Manuscript

1.) Post an example of a scroll.

2.) What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
The reader had to read the text in the order that is was written







3.) Post an example of a codex.

4.) What is a codex?
A covered and bound collection of hand written pages





5.) "Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
Because it was sturdy and compact unlike the scrolls that were used before the codex


6.) What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
Random access means anyone can go to any point in the book and find information where as sequential access means that one must go through it in order to find certian information


7.) What were the advantages of using the codex?
It was easier to organize in libraries because the spine could be written on as well the codex was must more portable and easier to read


8.) What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity


9.) What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment, it was made from substrate from animal skin and the hair and far were removed and the skin was smoothed out then the hide was soaked in in water and caluim, salt and flour were added and then the skin was laid to dry out


10.) What is vellum?
Parchment made from the skin of young calves


11.) Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
the ipad and the kindle



12.) What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The decline of the Roman empire and the take over of the Huns, also known as the "Dark Ages"


13.) Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

14.) Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monastic monks



15.) What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders and illustrations added to the text. Initials of chapters or paragraphs or paintings in margins and borders around the text


16.) What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Natural quill pens made from bird feathers


17.) Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
Because it took so much work and time to create the illuminated manuscripts


18.) What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
How you put together your work and the effort you put into making it. It is important because better craftsmanship allows art to stay perserved for longer periods of time, just like the illuminated manuscripts

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th Century BC"

The Roman Alphabet

1.) What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
The Greek Alphabet

2.) What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
A rigid formal script was used formally for manuscripts and other important documents while informal script which was quick and used for writing that was routine

3.) Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
Serifs originated from this, it was the institution of basic penmanship and typography, they always made sure that the letters were on a straight line

4.) From where did serifs originate?
From writing on stone tablets

5.) When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
The Greek Alphabet

6.) What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
So that the utensil would not slip when they were writing

7.) Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

"The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"

The Greek Alphabet 

1.) How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
Phoenicians regularly traveled to Greece in order to do business

2.) How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
Several consonants where made into vowels and additional letters were added

3.) Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
It gave way to many other alphabets being created

4.) Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?

5.) Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

"The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC"

The Phoenician Alphabet

1.) The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
One sign represents one spoken sound

2.) Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
Most of the shapes are angular and straight. They are created using a stylus

3.) What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
It was easier to learn than most languages at the time and the symbols were much simpler than most others

4.) What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
It allowed common people to read and write and it didn't discriminate based on social class

5.) Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.